Senescent erythrocytes are characterized by loss of surface area and volume [66], increased cell density [67], reduced deformability [68], cation loss [69], membrane desialylation [70], enzymatic dysregulation [69], oxidative stress [71], hemichrome abundance [69], elevated levels of glycated hemoglobin [72], reduced expression of phagocytosis-inhibiting CD47 [73], altered protein 4.1a/protein 4.1b ratio [74], etc
2012;19:S539548
Graham, Z.A., L
In that study, MB increased cytochrome oxidase by 30%, enhanced oxygen consumption by 3770%, and reversed premature senescence caused by H 2 O 2 or cadmium, and the ratio MB/cytochrome c could be important for MBs protective role
This mechanism is completely distinct from growth hormones receptor-mediated actions